|
|
 |
ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
Year : 2011 | Volume
: 27
| Issue : 3 | Page : 354-357 |
|
Influence of music on operation theatre staff
Shyjumon George1, Shafiq Ahmed1, Kim J Mammen1, George Mathews John2
1 Department of Urology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India 2 Department of Surgery, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Date of Web Publication | 11-Aug-2011 |
Correspondence Address: Kim J Mammen Department of Urology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab - 141 008 India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.83681
Abstract | | |
Background and Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the perception of influence of music among surgeons, anesthesiologist and nurses in our hospital as well as to critically evaluate whether music can be used as an aid in improving the work efficiency of medical personnel in the operation theatre (OT). Materials and Methods: A prospective, questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 100 randomly selected subjects were interviewed, which included 44 surgeons, 25 anesthesiologists and 31 nurses. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Windows Version 16 software was used for statistical evaluation. Results: Most of the OT medical personnel were found to be aware of the beneficial effects of music, with 87% consenting to the playing of music in the OT. It was also found that most participants agreed to have heard music on a regular basis in the OT, while 17% had heard it whenever they have been to the OT. Conclusions: Majority of the respondent's preferred playing music in the OT which helped them relax. It improved the cognitive function of the listeners and created a sense of well being among the people and elevated mood in them. Music helped in reducing the autonomic reactivity of theatre personnel in stressful surgeries allowing them to approach their surgeries in a more thoughtful and relaxed manner. Qualitative, objective and comprehensive effect of specific music types varied with different individuals. Music can aid in improving the work efficiency of medical personnel in the OT. The study has reinforced the beneficial effects of playing music in the OT outweighing its deleterious outcomes. Keywords: Music, medical personnel, operation theatre
How to cite this article: George S, Ahmed S, Mammen KJ, John GM. Influence of music on operation theatre staff. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011;27:354-7 |
How to cite this URL: George S, Ahmed S, Mammen KJ, John GM. Influence of music on operation theatre staff. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol [serial online] 2011 [cited 2021 Mar 7];27:354-7. Available from: https://www.joacp.org/text.asp?2011/27/3/354/83681 |
Introduction | |  |
Music is a universal language transcending all barriers. It stimulates the elderly, encourages the depressed and invigorates the tired. To reap maximum benefit of music, it is important to know the extent of awareness and prevalence of its use in hospital settings. Our study was done to evaluate the general perception of influence of music in operation theatre (OT) among the surgeons, anesthesiologists and nurses in our hospital as well as critically analyse whether music could be used as an aid in improving the work efficiency in the OT.
Materials and Methods | |  |
A questionnaire-based cross-sectional prospective study was conducted. The questionnaire was answered by surgeons, anesthesiologists and nurses of our hospital. The questionnaire contained a total of 13 questions and was used to evaluate their perception of the influence of music in the OT. The study was done over a period of 2 months. The sample size was 100. This was calculated by using the formula Minimum Sample Size=4pq/d 2 , where 'p' was assumed to be 0.5. A precision of +/− 10 was allowed.
n → sample size required, p → expected, q → 1−p, d → required precision
Taking p = 50%, d = 10%, q = 50%.
n = (4*50*50)/ (10*10) = 100
A total of 44 surgeons, 25 anesthesiologists and 31 nurses were surveyed. The questions were evaluated on a scale of 1-5 to assess the responses of the study population.
Evaluation scale: Disagree - 1; mildly disagree - 2; can't say - 3; agree - 4; strongly agree - 5.
The data was entered on MS EXCEL OFFICE tool - Version 2007 and analysis of the same was carried out employing appropriate methods using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) (Windows Version 16) software. Percentages were calculated for discrete variables and mean and standard deviations were used to describe continuous data. Relevant parametric and non-parametric tests were carried out to assess associations.
Results | |  |
The age, sex and participant's response data is shown as [Table 1]. It was found in that 17% of the study group had heard music almost whenever they had been to the OT which highlighted the fact that music was always played in our hospital OT.
Effect of music on OT personnel is shown as [Table 2]. Among the study group 62% of the respondents thought that music helped in reducing anxiety of patients before anesthesia though 28% could not offer an opinion. Of the study population, 42% of the respondents thought that music made the patient feel less fatigued. Among the respondents 63% agreed that music produced a sense of familiarity in a strange environment for the patients, giving them emotional backup for the surgery.
The quality of music data is shown as [Table 3]. The preferred volume of music in the OT was also assessed, where 59% of the study population liked the music in the medium volume range. The questionnaire-based assessment also revealed that majority of the study population (58%) preferred instrumental music. The concept of music decreasing pain and discomfort in patients was consented by 38% of the respondents although 34% could not offer an opinion.
The goal of the study is shown as [Table 4]. Of the total respondents 63% agreed that playing music improved their concentration and helped them to focus better. Speculation about music restricting the communication with other staff in OT was set aside with the results in our study, showing 66% of the respondents disagreeing with aforesaid theory and 28% agreeing to it. Our study revealed that 59% of the respondents did actually think that music helped in reducing their autonomic reactivity in stressful surgeries. It made them more calm allowing them to approach their surgeries in a more thoughtful and relaxed manner.
Discussion | |  |
Our study revealed that 53% of the respondents listened to music on a regular basis in the hospital OT which was relatively close to that of a study done by Ulmann et al., in which 63% of the participants listened to music on a regular basis in the OT. [1]
Hawksworth et al in their study had deduced that 26 % of their study population felt music restricted their communication with other staff in the OT, [2] which was almost similar to our study finding where 28% agreed to the same. Our study revealed that 59% of the respondents thought that music helped in reducing their autonomic reactivity in stressful surgeries thus calming them down and allowing them to approach their surgeries in a more thoughtful and relaxed manner. This reaffirmed a similar finding in a study done by Allen et al.[3]
Of the total respondents 62% thought that music helped in reducing anxiety of patients before anesthesia which corroborated with the finding of a similar study by Cooke et al which had found that music significantly reduced anxiety levels. [4] The concept of music decreasing pain and discomfort in patients was consented by 38% of the respondents although 34% could not offer an opinion. According to the gate control theory which is based on the fact that pain is an integrated sensory, affective, motivational system that modulates noxious input and attenuates the perception of nociceptive inputs, it has been suggested that pain and auditory pathways inhibit each other. Perhaps the activation of auditory pathway by music during surgery inhibited the central transmission of nociceptive stimuli. [5]
Ferrer investigated the effects of familiar live music on the anxiety levels of patients and found that music brought statistically significant improvement for the experimental group on the measures of anxiety, fear, fatigue, relaxation, and diastolic blood pressure. [6] Our study showed that 63% of the total respondents agreed that music produced a sense of familiarity in a strange environment for the patient thus allaying their anxiety and fears, providing them with good emotional support to undergo surgery.
On the whole, 87% of the respondents preferred playing music in the OT which indicated that the OT staff was actually aware of the overall benefits of playing music not only from the knowledge they already possessed but also from their own personal experience.
Music has been used to achieve a wide range of outcomes not only in the hospital, but also in the community and residential care settings. It minimised anxiety levels of patients during hospitalisation and during unpleasant or invasive procedures. [6],[7] It helped people relax. [8] Its effect has been measured in terms of its impact on the person's heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate. [9] It reduced the severity of pain and the need for analgesia in people with acute or chronic pain. [10] It was found to improve cognitive function in terms of behavior, eating and minimised the need for physical restraint for people with dementia. The effect of noisy environment produced by medical equipments in OTs and critical care units on patients was also found to be minimal, when music was played in such settings. Patients and hospital visitors were more satisfied with the care provided. [11] It improved mood and feeling of well being for a range of different patient groups. [8] It enhances tolerance level of people to unpleasant or invasive procedures, such as insertion of intravascular lines, surgical interventions, burns dressings and chemotherapy. [9],[10],[12]
Tempo of music around 60-80 beats per minute was found to be the best for creating relaxation. A higher tempo acted like a "driving input", which resulted in increased heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate. Our study found that instrumental music was the most sought after type of music; followed by FM radio, Hindi ghazal, English country, English classical and Hindi classical in that order. However, Ulmann et al found classical music as the most preferred type of music. [1] Our study showed that OT staff preferred music with entertainment value and humor which came in generous proportions with FM radio.
The volume of the music played also had a tremendous effect on the mood of the OT staff. Of the total study population 59% of the respondents preferred medium volume while 41% preferred low volume of music in the OT. It was evident that the staff would not let music compromise or interfere with the technical aspects of patient care or competence.
Music has certain disadvantages too. It could cause distraction thus may be hazardous in the OT settings. It can restrict communication with other staff members and could be a nuisance in an emergency scenario. It could interfere with hearing patient's breathing and important alarms. [2] It could lead to unnecessary wastage of time in the form of time spent on selecting songs, adjusting volume, etc.
Hence playing music in the OT is not to be considered a trivial matter but the pros and cons of the same needed to be weighed with utmost care because it is an important determining factor in the outcome of the patient care, especially when the patient's life remains at stake on the operation table. Our study has reinforced the benefits of playing music in the OT.
References | |  |
1. | Ullmann Y, Fodor L, Schwarzberg I, Carmi N, Ullmann A, Ramon Y. The sounds of music in the OR. Injury 2008;39:592-7.  [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
2. | Hawksworth C, Asbury AJ, Millar K. Music in theatre: Not so harmonious. A survey of attitudes to music played in the operating theatre. Anaesthesia 1997;52:79-83.  [PUBMED] |
3. | Allen K, Blascovich J. Effects of music on cardiovascular reactivity among surgeons: JAMA 1994;272:882-4.  |
4. | Cooke M, Chaboyer W, Schluter P, Hiratos M. Music decreases post-operative anxiety in day surgery. J Adv Nurs 2005;52:47-55.  [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
5. | Britton NF, Skevington SM. A mathematical model of the gate control theory of pain: J Theor Biol 1989;137:91-105.  |
6. | Ferrer AJ. The effect of live music on decreasing anxiety in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment. J Music Ther 2007;44:242-55.  [PUBMED] |
7. | Wang SM, Kulkarni L, Dolev J, Kain ZN. Music and preoperative anxiety: A randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1489-94.  [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
8. | Argstatter M, Haberbosch W, Bolay H. Music relaxes and calms the patient. Clin Res Cardiol 2006;95:511-3.  |
9. | Leardi S, Pietroletti R, Angeloni G, Necozione S, Ranalletta G, Del Gusto B. Randomized clinical trial examining the effect of music therapy in stress response to day surgery. Br J Surg 2007;94:943-7.  [PUBMED] [FULLTEXT] |
10. | Sendelbach SE, Halm MA, Doran KA, Miller EH, Gaillard P. Effects of music therapy on physiological and psychological outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery: J Cardiovasc Nurs 2006;21:194-200.  |
11. | Zalewsky S, Vinker S, Fiada L, Linon D. Music contributes to better doctor-patient relation. Harefuah 1998;135:96-7.  |
12. | Chafin S, Roy M, Gerin W, Christenfeld N. Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. Br J Health Psychol 2004;9:393-403.  [PUBMED] |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
This article has been cited by | 1 |
Use of music during vaginal birth and caesarean section: an interprofessional survey |
|
| Philip Hepp,Markus Fleisch,Kathrin Hasselbach,Tanja Fehm,Nora K. Schaal | | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
Implementing structured team debriefing using a Black Box in the operating room: surveying team satisfaction |
|
| A. S. H. M. van Dalen,M. Jansen,M. van Haperen,S. van Dieren,C. J. Buskens,E. J. M. Nieveen van Dijkum,W. A. Bemelman,T. P. Grantcharov,M. P. Schijven | | Surgical Endoscopy. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
Effects of music therapy on occupational stress and burn-out risk of operating room staff |
|
| I. Kacem,M. Kahloul,S. El Arem,S. Ayachi,M. Hafsia,M. Maoua,M. Ben Othmane,O. El Maalel,W. Hmida,O. Bouallague,K. Ben Abdessalem,W. Naija,N. Mrizek | | Libyan Journal of Medicine. 2020; 15(1): 1768024 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
The effect of preferred music on mental workload and laparoscopic surgical performance in a simulated setting (OPTIMISE): a randomized controlled crossover study |
|
| Victor X. Fu,Pim Oomens,Vincent E. E. Kleinrensink,Karel J. Sleurink,Willemijn M. Borst,Pascale E. Wessels,Johan F. Lange,Gert-Jan Kleinrensink,Johannes Jeekel | | Surgical Endoscopy. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
Effect of Music on Patient Experience during Intravitreal Injection |
|
| Jonathan Cheuk-hung Chan,Lok Pong Chan,Chi Pong Yeung,Tin Wai Tang,Yip Mang O,Wai Ching Lam | | Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
Surgical Notes: To Play or Not to Play |
|
| Nivedita Mitta,Vivekanandan Jayakumar,Nikhil Dhanpal,Jeffrey Pradeep Raj,Roshini Antony Prabhakaran,Karthikeyan Kannan,Anirudh Venugopal,S. G. Subramanyam | | World Journal of Surgery. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
The effects of playing music during surgery on the performance of the surgical team: A systematic review |
|
| Pegah Rastipisheh,Alireza Choobineh,Mohsen Razeghi,Reza Kazemi,Haleh Ghaem,Shirin Taheri,Ahmad Maghsoudi | | Work. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
The influence of music on the surgical task performance: A systematic review |
|
| Michael El Boghdady,Beatrice Marianne Ewalds-Kvist | | International Journal of Surgery. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
A review of the effect of music on dental anxiety in children |
|
| S. L. Ainscough,L. Windsor,J. F. Tahmassebi | | European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
The unity of music and surgery: Music application in the perioperative period |
|
| Aleksandra Ðajic,Marija Markovic,Dragana Jovanovic,Milena Ðordevic-Filipovic,Ivana Krstic-Lecic,Miloš Pejovic,Vojislava Neškovic,Dušica Stamenkovic | | Serbian Journal of Anesthesia and Intensive Therapy. 2018; 40(1-2): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
A Survey of auditory display in image-guided interventions |
|
| David Black,Christian Hansen,Arya Nabavi,Ron Kikinis,Horst Hahn | | International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
Sound of music—or is it noise in OR? |
|
| Om Prakash Yadava | | Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
Review of Practice: Facilitating Normality at Caesarean Section |
|
| C Simmonds | | Journal of Perioperative Practice. 2016; 26(7-8): 166 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
The Effect of Music on Nurses Stress Level |
|
| Malikeh Sadat Ebrahimi,Tahereh Nasrabadi,Zahra Tayyebi | | Iranian Journal of Nursing Research. 2016; 11(5): 19 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Aspectos socioculturales de la influencia de la música sobre el personal sanitario que trabaja en el quirófano |
|
| Natividad López Ibáñez,Andrés Ruiz de Casas,Macarena Morales Conde,David Moreno Ramírez,Francisco Manuel Camacho Martínez | | Piel. 2016; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the value and impact of the arts in healthcare settings: A critical review of the literature |
|
| Ceri Wilson,Hilary Bungay,Carol Munn-Giddings,Melanie Boyce | | International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2016; 56: 90 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
Exploring the effect of sound and music on health in hospital settings: A narrative review |
|
| Timothy Onosahwo Iyendo | | International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2016; 63: 82 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
¿Poner o no poner música en quirófano?: no solo una cuestión de moda |
|
| Natividad López Ibáñez,Andrés Ruiz de Casas | | Piel. 2015; 30(9): 543 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Music and communication in the operating theatre |
|
| Sharon-Marie Weldon,Terhi Korkiakangas,Jeff Bezemer,Roger Kneebone | | Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2015; 71(12): 2763 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Music During Surgery |
|
| Sim Sai Tin,Viroj Wiwanitkit | | Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing. 2015; 30(1): 3 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
Playing music in operation theatre |
|
| Joob, B., Wiwanitkit, V. | | Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2012; 28(1): 130-131 | | [Pubmed] | | 22 |
Authorsæ reply |
|
| George, S., Ahmed, S., Mammen, K.J., John, G.M. | | Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. 2012; 28(1): 131 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
 |
 |
|